INTOUCH® 4GL
A Guide to the INTOUCH Language
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Chapter 6
Printing and Displaying Data

6.1 PRINT

The PRINT statement prints or displays text on the screen. The printed text can be formatted using a mask or directive and/or highlighted using video options. This section describes the various ways that text can be displayed on the screen.

FORMAT:


        PRINT [[AT row, col] [,ERASE] [,WIDE] [,BLINK] [,UNDERLINE] [,REVERSE] 
        [,BOLD] [,USING "print_mask"]:] expr [{, | ;} expr...] [, | ;]

EXAMPLE:


        10  INPUT name$ 
            PRINT 'Hello, '; name$ 
            PRINT BOLD, UNDERLINE: 'Here is a number: 1.93' 
        20  END 
 
        RNH 
        ? Rick 
        Hello, Rick 
        Here is a number: 1.93

DESCRIPTION:

The simplest version of the PRINT statement is: 


        PRINT expr

expr is an expression to print. expr can be any INTOUCH expression. INTOUCH prints the value of the expression at the current cursor position and then generates a new line. A PRINT statement without an expression simply generates a new line.

The ? can be used as a synonym for PRINT at the command prompt. 


        10  PRINT 'Line 1' 
            PRINT 
            PRINT 'Line 3' 
        20  END 
 
        RNH 
        Line 1 
 
        Line 3

6.1.1 Printing Multiple Expressions

One PRINT statement can print several items. Multiple items must be separated with a comma or a semicolon. The separator determines where the next expression will be printed.

You can use two additional features to position the cursor:

Semicolons

Separating print items with a semicolon causes the items to immediately follow one another. When the items are printed, no spaces appear between the expressions. 


        10  alpha$ = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLM' 
            bet$ = 'NOPQRSTUVWXYZ' 
            PRINT alpha$; bet$ 
        20  END 
 
        RNH 
        ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

Commas and Print Zones

You can print in columns by using print zones. Each print zone has a default width of twenty characters. To change the width, see Section 9.17.2, SET ZONEWIDTH. 


  
        |-------------------|-------------------|-------------------| 
        1                  20                  40                  60

Separating items with a comma causes the item following the comma to be printed in a new print zone. The terminal width determines the number of zones in each line. (See Section 9.8.1, ASK MARGIN statement to determine the terminal width.) 


        10  INPUT name_1$, name_2$ 
        20  PRINT name_1$, 'MARY', name_2$ 
        30  END 
 
        RNH 
        ? FRED, JOHN 
        FRED                MARY                JOHN

If an item is longer than the zone width, INTOUCH continues it into the next print zone. INTOUCH uses as many print zones as necessary to print an item. 


        RNH 
        ? FRED, DILLENSCHNEIDER & SONS 
        FRED                MARY                DILLENSCHNEIDER & SONS

INTOUCH writes data sequentially. If an item is too long (over 132 characters) to write in one record, INTOUCH continues it in the next record. 


        10  OPEN #1: NAME 'test.tmp', ACCESS OUTPUT 
            PRINT #1: REPEAT$('+-', 100) 
            CLOSE #1 
        20  OPEN #1: NAME 'test.tmp', ACCESS INPUT 
            LINE INPUT #1: record_1$, record_2$ 
            PRINT 'Record 1: '; record_1$ 
            PRINT 'Record 2: '; record_2$ 
            CLOSE #1 
        30  END 
 
        RNH 
        Record 1: 
        +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+- 
        +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+- 
        Record 2: +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-

6.1.2 TAB Function

The TAB function moves the print position to a specified column.

FORMAT:


        TAB(column)

column is the column position to print. TAB positions the cursor at the column specified. TAB always moves forward (to the right). If the cursor is at or past the column specified, INTOUCH jumps to the next line. The TAB function is a print item. Therefore, it must be separated from other print items with a comma or a semicolon. 


        10  INPUT name_1$, name_2$ 
        20  PRINT TAB(5); name_1$; TAB(20); 'MARY'; TAB(35); name_2$ 
        30  END 
 
        RNH                       
        ? FRED, JOHN              
            FRED           MARY           JOHN

6.1.3 AT Option

The AT option moves the cursor to a specificed row and column on the screen.

FORMAT:


        AT row, column

row is the row to print at. column is the column to print at. Row and column can be any integer numeric constants. 


        10  INPUT name_1$, name_2$ 
        20  CLEAR 
        30  PRINT AT 3,10: name_1$; TAB(20); 'Mary'; TAB(35); name_2$ 
        40  END 
 
        RNH 
        ? Fred, John 
 
 
                 FRED      MARY           JOHN

6.1.4 ERASE Option

The ERASE option erases from the end of the printed text to the end of the line. 


        10  CLEAR 
        20  PRINT AT 10, 1: 'Mary had a little lamb' 
            DELAY 2 
        30  PRINT AT 10, 1: 'Jeff' 
            DELAY 2 
        40  PRINT ERASE, AT 10, 1: 'Caroline' 
            DELAY 2 
        50  END 
 
        RNH 
        Mary had a little lamb 
        . 
        . 
        . 
        Jeff had a little lamb 
        . 
        . 
        . 
        Caroline

6.1.5 WIDE Option

This option prints double-width characters on the terminal screen. 


        10  PRINT WIDE: 'INTOUCH' 
        20  END

6.1.6 Printing Numbers

The following rules govern the printing of numbers:

INTOUCH prints:

6.1.7 Positioning the Cursor for the Next Print Statement

If a separator (comma, semicolon, TAB function or AT option) is the last item in the PRINT statement, INTOUCH advances the cursor to the position specified and does not generate a new line. 


        10  PRINT TAB(5); 7, 
            PRINT 10; 
            PRINT 20 
        20  END 
 
        RNH 
              7              10  20

6.1.8 Printing Attributes--Highlighting Options

The video attribute options highlight text on the screen. Separate the options from the print list with a colon. The options are:
BLINK causes the expressions in the print list to blink in low and high intensity
UNDERLINE causes the print list to be underlined
BOLD causes the expressions in the print list to appear in bold (high intensity)
REVERSE causes the print list to appear in reverse video

The video options can be combined. For example, the following program will print "Hello" boldfaced and in reverse video. It will then blink and underline the word "Goodbye". 


        10  PRINT BOLD, REVERSE: 'Hello' 
        20  PRINT UNDERLINE, BLINK: 'Goodbye'       
        30  END

6.1.9 USING Option

The USING option is used to format text. The print mask indicates the format for the data in the print list.

FORMAT:


        USING print_mask

The print_mask consists of fields or directives and text. The text can precede or follow a field or directive. The print mask tells how to print the expressions in the print list. 


                       fields 
                        /   \
        10  LET a$  = "#.## ##.##" 
        20  PRINT USING "amount = #.##": 1.9 
        30  PRINT USING a$: 1.93, -1.93 
        40  END 
 
        RNH 
        amount = 1.90 
        1.93 -1.93

The USING Print List

Expressions in the print list with the USING option are separated by commas. A trailing semicolon is allowed. The expressions are printed according to the the format. However, a trailing semicolon causes INTOUCH to leave the cursor at the end of the print line. 


        10  PRINT USING "###.## ###.##": 22.88, 45; 
        20  PRINT " and others." 
        30  END 
 
        RNH 
         22.88  45.00 and others.

6.1.10 Fields

Fields are made up of format characters. The format characters tell INTOUCH how to print the expressions in the print list.

6.1.10.1 String Format Characters

# character

The # is used to indicate a character position---a place in the format where a character can occur. For example: 


        10  PRINT USING '#### ##': 'Test', 'Hi' 
        20  END 
 
        RNH 
        Test Hi

In the above example, there are two fields. When the first string is printed, the word "Test" occupies all four character positions. When the second expression is printed (Hi), only two character positions are used.

If the string expression being printed is smaller than the field, the expression will be printed centered within the field. 


        10  PRINT USING '#### ####': 'Test', 'Hi' 
        15  PRINT '123456789' 
        20  END 
 
        RNH 
        Test  Hi 
        123456789

If the string expression is longer than the field, INTOUCH generates an exception.

6.1.10.2 Numeric Format Characters

# character

The # can also be used to specify digits. Each # represents one numeric digit position. 


        10  PRINT USING "##": 19 
        20  END 
 
        RNH 
        19

If you indicate more positions than the numeric expression contains, the expression will be right-justified and padded with spaces. 


        10  PRINT '1st 2nd 3rd' 
        20  PRINT USING "### ### ###": 193, 19, 1 
        30  END 
 
        RNH 
        1st 2nd 3rd 
        193  19   1

INTOUCH prints a minus sign in front of negative numbers. INTOUCH does not print a sign in front of positive numbers. 


        10  PRINT '1st 2nd 3rd' 
        20  PRINT USING "### ### ###": 193, 19, -1 
        30  END 
 
        RNH 
        1st 2nd 3rd 
        193  19  -1

If you indicate more positions to the left of the decimal point than the expression contains, the expression will be printed with leading spaces. 


        10  PRINT USING "###.##": 1.9 
        20  END 
 
        RNH 
          1.90

If you indicate more positions to the right of the decimal point than the expression contains, the expression will be printed with trailing zeros. 


        10  PRINT '--1-- --2--' 
        20  PRINT USING "##.## ##.##": 1.3, 1.25 
        30  END 
 
        RNH 
        --1-- --2-- 
         1.30  1.25

< character

The less than sign left-justifies text within a field. The less than sign must appear at the beginning of a field. The less than sign counts as a character position. In this example, justification occurs only in the second field. 


        10  PRINT USING "#### <###": 'Test', 'Hi' 
        20  PRINT '123456789' 
        30  END 
 
        RNH 
        Test Hi 
        123456789

In the above example, there are two fields. When the first string is printed, the word "Test" occupies all four character positions. The less than sign (<) causes INTOUCH to left-justify the second expression.

> character

The greater than sign is used to right-justify text within a field. The greater than sign must appear at the beginning of a field. The greater than sign counts as a character position. 


        10  PRINT USING "#### >###": 'Test', 'Hi' 
        20  PRINT '123456789' 
        30  END 
 
        RNH 
        Test   Hi 
        123456789

In the above example, there are two fields. The greater than sign (>) causes INTOUCH to right-justify the second expression.

@ character

The @ indicates one character position with no translation. 


        10  PRINT USING '####': 0001 
        20  PRINT USING '@@@@': 0001 
        30  END 
 
        RNH 
           1 
        0001

. character

You can include a decimal point in a number by putting a period or decimal point in the format. 


        10  PRINT USING "###.##": 19.3 
        20  END 
 
        RNH 
         19.30

, character

You can include commas in your numbers by putting commas in the format. 


        10  a$ = "##,###.##" 
        20  PRINT USING a$: 28290.06 
            PRINT USING A$: 8290.06 
            PRINT USING A$: 290.06 
        30  END 
 
        RNH 
        28,290.06 
         8,290.06 
           290.06

Commas cannot be used in exponential format.

% character

The % character pads on the left with zeros. 


        10  PRINT '-1- -2- -3-' 
            PRINT USING "%%% %%% %%%": 193, 19, 1 
        20  END 
 
        RNH 
        -1- -2- -3- 
        193 019 001

* character

The * character pads on the left with asterisks. You can use this symbol for setting up check amounts. 


        10  PRINT USING '***,***.**': 19.42 
        20  END 
 
        RNH 
        *****19.42

If the expression is smaller than the format, INTOUCH will right justify the expression and pad it with asterisks. 


        10  PRINT '-1- -2- -3-' 
            PRINT USING "*** *** ***": 193, 19, 1 
        20  END 
 
        RNH 
        -1- -2- -3- 
        193 *19 **1

+ character

A plus sign causes INTOUCH to print a leading plus or minus sign. INTOUCH will print a plus sign in front of positive numbers and a minus sign in front of negative numbers.

The "+" sign adds a character position to the format. The character position is used for the sign of the number. 


        10  PRINT ' -1-  -2-  -3-' 
            PRINT USING "+### +### +###": 193, 19, -1 
        20  END 
 
        RNH 
         -1-  -2-  -3- 
        +193  +19   -1

- character

Prints a leading or trailing minus sign for negative numbers, and a leading space for positive numbers. The "-" adds a character position to the format. The character position is used to print the minus sign or space. 


        10  PRINT ' -1-  -2-  -3-' 
            PRINT USING "-### -### -###": 193, 19, -1 
        20 END 
 
        RNH 
         -1-  -2-  -3- 
         193   19   -1

$ character

Prints a floating dollar sign. The dollar sign appears before the number. $ causes INTOUCH to print '$-' for negative numbers and '$' for positive numbers. The minus sign appears immediately after the dollar sign and before the number. 


        10  PRINT "1st col 2nd col" 
            PRINT USING "$###.## $###.##": 11.93, -1.93 
        20  END 
 
        RNH 
        1st col 2nd col 
         $11.93  $-1.93

$+ characters

Prints a floating dollar sign. The dollar sign appears before the numeric expression. $+ causes INTOUCH to print a minus sign before negative numbers, and a plus sign before positive numbers.

The sign appears after the dollar sign and before the number. 


        10  PRINT "1st  col 2nd  col" 
            PRINT USING "$+###.## $+###.##": 11.93, -1.93 
        20 END 
 
        RNH 
        1st  col 2nd  col 
         $+11.93   $-1.93

-$ characters

Prints a floating dollar sign. The dollar sign appears immediately before the numeric expression. -$ causes INTOUCH to print a minus sign before negative numbers and a space before positive numbers. The minus sign or space appears immediately before the dollar sign. 


        10  PRINT "1st  col 2nd  col" 
            PRINT USING "-$###.## -$###.##": 11.93, -1.93 
        20  END 
 
        RNH 
        1st  col 2nd  col 
          $11.93   -$1.93

+$ characters

+$ causes INTOUCH to print a floating dollar sign. The dollar sign appears immediately before the number. +$ causes INTOUCH to print a plus sign before positive numbers and a minus sign before negative numbers. The plus or minus sign appears immediately before the dollar sign. 


        10  PRINT "1st  col 2nd  col" 
            PRINT USING "+$###.## +$###.##": 11.93, -1.93 
        20  END 
 
        RNH 
        1st  col 2nd  col 
         +$11.93   -$1.93

Notice that +$ adds two character positions to the format. One position contains the dollar sign, the other contains the plus or minus sign.

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